.. _cha_simuPOP_Operators: ***************** simuPOP Operators ***************** simuPOP is large, consisting of more than 70 operators and various functions that covers all important aspects of genetic studies. These includes mutation (*k*-allele, stepwise, generalized stepwise), migration (arbitrary, can create new subpopulation), recombination (uniform or nonuniform), gene conversion, quantitative trait, selection, penetrance (single or multi-locus, hybrid), ascertainment (case-control, affected sibpairs, random), statistics calculation (allele, genotype, haplotype, heterozygote number and frequency; expected heterozygosity; bi-allelic and multi-allelic :math:`D`, :math:`D'` and :math:`r^{2}` linkage disequilibrium measures; :math:`F_{st}`, :math:`F_{it}` and :math:`F_{is}`); pedigree tracing, visualization (using R or other Python modules). This chapter covers the basic and some not-so-basic usages of these operators, organized roughly by genetic factors. .. toctree:: userGuide_ch5_sec1.rst userGuide_ch5_sec2.rst userGuide_ch5_sec3.rst userGuide_ch5_sec4.rst userGuide_ch5_sec5.rst userGuide_ch5_sec6.rst userGuide_ch5_sec7.rst userGuide_ch5_sec8.rst userGuide_ch5_sec9.rst userGuide_ch5_sec10.rst userGuide_ch5_sec11.rst userGuide_ch5_sec12.rst userGuide_ch5_sec13.rst userGuide_ch5_sec14.rst